Goitrogens are substances in food that can wreak havoc on the function of your thyroid gland. Goitrogens get their name from “goiter”, which is what an enlarged thyroid gland is called.
You might have never heard of the words “goiter” or “goitrogenic” but if you’ve been affected by thyroid problems, you’ll definitely want to adjust what you eat in order to support your thyroid health.
The thyroid gland is one of the largest in the endocrine system and is found in your neck, below some cartilage. It’s shaped like a butterfly in healthy people, and lies up against the trachea and larynx. Your thyroid controls how your body responds to other hormones, makes certain proteins, and controls how fast your body uses energy.
It influences your body temperature, mood, and your metabolic rate. It produces triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (sometimes called T4). It also produces calcitronin, which has a role in calcium homeostasis. In other words, it’s pretty important that it works properly.
Cruciferous foods tend to be high in goitrogens, meaning you’ll want to eat them in moderation for thyroid health. If you’re having thyroid problems, you may want to bulk up foods with smaller amounts of goitrogen, listed below.
Top 11 Harmful Goitrogenic Foods
Bok Choy
Broccoli
Brussel sprouts
Cabbage
Cauliflower
Kale
Kohlrabi
Mustard and Mustard greens
Radishes
Rutabagas
Turnips
9 Foods with Smaller Amounts of Goitrogens
Bamboo shoots
Peaches
Peanuts
Pears
Pine Nuts
Spinach
Strawberries
Sweet Potatoes
Should You Avoid Foods High in Goitrogens?
Just because certain foods are high in goitrogens doesn’t mean you should avoid them. With the exception of soy, the benefits of these (mostly cruciferous) foods far outweigh the downsides.
When possible, try avoiding these foods in their raw form, as cooking helps reduce the goitrogenic substances by up to a third. Keep in mind that eating several of these foods in one day has a cumulative effect, so eat them in moderation, especially if you have thyroid issues.
One way to offset the effects is to eat foods high in iodine along with them.
Other Causes of Goiter (abnormal enlargement of your thyroid gland)
Goitrogen ingestion isn’t the only cause of goiters; in fact, it’s only one of many. The most common cause is iodine deficiency, particularly in countries that don’t use iodized salt. Worldwide, more than two billion people are affected by iodine deficiency.
The U.S. FDA recommends that adults get a minimum of 150 micrograms of iodine per day. Goitrogen ingestion and iodine deficiency are major causes of goiter.
Other causes include congenital hypothyroidism, adverse drug reactions, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, pituitary disease, Graves’ disease (aka Basedow syndrome), thyroiditis, thyroid cancer, benign thyroid neoplasms, and thyroid hormone insensitivity.
The condition of enlarged thyroid is most common among women.
Thryoid-Supporting Foods
There are several foods that will support thyroid health. Among them are those high in iodine and tyrosine. as well as certain fruits and vegetables
Foods Rich in Iodine
Iodine is the most important element in thyroid health. Most goiters are caused when the thyroid enlarges in an effort to pull more iodine in out of the bloodstream. For most people with goiters, a diet high in iodine is the most common treatment.
Foods that are high in iodine include kelp and other sea vegetables, fennel, Jerusalem artichokes, cow’s milk, eggs, and raisins. If you currently use sea salt or other fancy salt, check to see if it has been iodized. Sprinkling iodized salt on your foods is the easiest way to get a bit of iodine in each meal.
Foods Rich in Tyrosine
Tyrosine is an amino acid that is found in a lot of goitrogenic foods like wheat, peanuts, and soybeans. It’s important to get tyrosine without those goitrogenic properties tagging along. Some good Paleo-friendly sources include pumpkin seeds, beef, fish, eggs, bananas, avocados, poultry, and almonds.
These animal-based foods high in protein also tend to be good sources of Vitamin B12 and selenium, which are also important for thyroid health. Salmon, high in tyrosine, are also excellent sources of Omega-3 fatty acids, which are anti-inflammatory and can help with proper thyroid function.
Non-Cruciferous Veggies and Fruit
If you’ve got thyroid issues, some of the best foods you can eat (aside from those already mentioned) include non-cruciferous vegetables and fruit. Vegetables and fruit, in general, tend to contain high amounts of antioxidants, especially when eaten fresh.
Antioxidants help protect your body against damage from free radicals. Most also have high amounts of electrolytes like potassium and sodium, which contribute to the movement of fluid in body tissues. Electrolytes help fluids to your body tissues. Eat lots of squash, mangoes and bell peppers to get your share!
Squash, tomato, bell peppers, green beans, peas, cucumber, asparagus, eggplant, carrots, and celery are all great examples of non-goitrogenic vegetables to enjoy.
Most fruit is high in Vitamin C and other antioxidants. Some non-goitrogenic fruits you should eat include mangoes, citrus fruits, blueberries, dark-skinned grapes, pomegranates, guavas, cherries, apricots, apples, pineapples, and kiwis.
Goitrogens and Paleo
People who follow a Paleo diet already avoid a few of the goitrogenic foods like soy and peanuts, but what about the other foods?
Chances are, if you eat Paleo-style, your diet is rich in selenium and tyrosine, iodine, antioxidants, and other beneficial nutrients. Eat lots of fish, meat, poultry, eggs, and grass-fed butter to help maintain your thyroid health.
Rebecca MacLary is a fitness and nutrition writer who has lived a Paleo lifestyle since January 2012. She enthusiastically recommends a diet based on whole, real foods and an active lifestyle for the best possible health. Along with cooking and testing new Paleo recipes, she loves weight training and reads peer-reviewed studies on nutrition, exercise, and health in her spare time.
A lot of people have gotten results from the Keto diet, and enjoyed the foods that it has to offer. However, many of the people who are following this diet have a hard time finding the recipes that they need, especially ones that are quick and easy to complete.
Fortunately, Kelsey Ale, noticed this problem, and decided to do something about it. She’s found that making recipes in a slow cooker gives you meals which are not only delicious, but also take very little time to make. Mostly you just put a few simple ingredients in the slow cooker, and let it do the rest.
When you’re battling a thyroid condition or imbalance, trying to lose weight can feel like a cruel joke. You try to eat well, and you take your thyroid medication. But nothing seems to help. So what gives?
It’s common knowledge that the thyroid regulates metabolism. If the thyroid is struggling, so does your waistline. But what if you’re on medication, and your thyroid numbers look good? And you’re still not losing weight? What then?
There are a few factors to consider.
Inflammation
Looking at the reason why your thyroid is struggling in the first place can often reveal sources of inflammation. Even if your thyroid is being balanced by medication, an inflamed body is going to struggle to let go of weight.
Yoga, acupuncture, and meditation are all ways to support relaxation efforts, which can then help reduce inflammatory levels.
Proper Thyroid Testing
Maybe your thyroid is only being monitored by TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone). If so, there’s a chance that your T3 and T4 numbers are way off that—even though your TSH number looks right. And that could be the culprit behind an inability to lose weight. In order to get a true reading of your thyroid hormones, you need to have your Free T3 and T4 monitored.
In fact, TSH is less important than those two, because TSH is actually a pituitary hormone.
Additionally, people who’re taking thyroid medications can often have very low TSH levels. Then the pituitary doesn’t have to tell the thyroid to work, thanks to the presence of enough thyroid hormones. In that case, the only true barometer of thyroid wellness is seeing how many free thyroid hormones are available for the body.
Mistakes with Metabolism
Thyroid problems can slow the metabolism. So to speed up metabolism, people may exercise more frequently and in a more challenging way. It’s a huge mistake. Gentle exercise that’s a regular part of your routine will help reduce inflammation, which will promote weight loss and support the thyroid in the process.
Bottom line: The thyroid needs to be properly monitored, but there are also bigger factors (such as exercise, sleep, and inflammation levels). They can influence how the metabolism responds.
Thyroid and Blood Sugar
When the thyroid is off-balance, many other things within the body can also get thrown off. Blood sugar is no exception.
When blood sugar is high, it can spur on the immune system to attack the thyroid, particularly in cases of established autoimmune disease or inflammatory processes. Low blood sugar (referred to as hypoglycemia) can stimulate a cortisol stress response.
When blood-sugar levels fall below the norm, the body can begin to think there’s an impending crisis. It releases extra glucose for the brain and restricts the process of digestion. When this process repeatedly happens over time, cortisol levels remain high. And stress levels get higher.
When the body is in this state of chaos (no matter how well you’re eating, or how regularly you take your thyroid medication), the thyroid will remain in a teeter-totter state. Keep your blood sugar level to help you lose weight with hypothyroidism. Counting calories alone is useless!
When thyroid sufferers attempt to ditch their extra weight by restricting calories—usually at a level that won’t sustain proper hormone production—the body doesn’t respond by shedding extra pounds.
Rather, it believes it’s starving, and moves into fat-storage mode. The thyroid needs balanced blood sugar and carbs to produce hormones. The first things to go in times of caloric restriction are regular meals and carbohydrates.
Bottom line: The thyroid responds to blood sugar, and so does weight loss. Keeping blood sugar balanced is essential for weight loss. Counting calories is useless if your blood sugar is a wreck.
Thyroid and Hydration
The actual amount of water that’s needed for optimal health is still up for debate. The short answer is that it varies for everyone. Water needs will change based on season, fitness level, diet, and health condition.
As a nutritionist, I frequently see that people are dehydrated, even when they don’t think they are (especially people who have hormone imbalances or thyroid issues).
After being chronically dehydrated for a long enough period, our thirst signals don’t accurately represent how much water we truly need to be hydrated at optimal levels.
While half the body weight in ounces might be too much water for some, it might not be enough for others . But it’s a good starting point to help you determine your hydration baseline. Need to drink more water? Aim to drink about half your body weight in ounces.
Being well-hydrated not only influences hormone wellness, but also weight loss, skin health, energy levels, and detoxification (since toxins are partially flushed out of our bodies via the kidneys and bladder, as well as the intestines).
Bottom line: Often, people with chronic health issues are actually more dehydrated than they know. Balancing water intake can help release body weight and toxins.
Thyroid Health, Insomnia, and Healthy Sleep Habits
The thyroid is a tiny gland, but it can mess up sleep in a big way. Insomnia tends to be a common symptom for those who suffer from thyroid imbalance. Fatigue also tends to creep in, especially the type of fatigue that leaves you feeling tired but unable to fall asleep.
Thyroid sufferers may give up on normal sleep habits because they don’t automatically sleep well. This reaction can actually lead to further sleep disturbance, and cause the body to get weaker and more rundown.
Even if sleep doesn’t come naturally, that’s no reason to give up on a regular bedtime. Help train the brain by creating sleep hygiene. Don’t use digital devices in bed, and keep the bedroom a dimly lit, cool place of relaxation. Even if you go to bed and can’t sleep, you can train your body to fall into a feeling of calm, which may be beneficial when dealing with thyroid-induced anxiety.
Sometimes, magnesium can be a beneficial supplement. When taken before bed, it can promote muscular relaxation. A lack of a proper thyroid balance can also lead to magnesium deficiency. So replenishing it in supplement form can boost thyroid function and decrease inflammatory markers. Magnesium is also helpful in regulating blood sugar and managing anxiety.
Bottom line: It’s very hard for thyroid sufferers to get restful sleep, but that shouldn’t stop you from creating a healthy sleep routine.
Thyroid and Gut Health
Leaky gut is a digestive problem that’s been linked to autoimmune and chronic disorders, and thyroid conditions are no exception. The thyroid is particularly susceptible to toxic overload.
Perhaps your body is dealing with leaky gut, toxins, and partially digested food particles. If so, viruses and bacteria are left to circulate through the bloodstream, unchecked by the normal immune and digestive protocols.
Leaky gut can open the thyroid up to attack, and can even be an initial trigger for developing autoimmune thyroid disease (known as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis). Leaky gut combined with an out of whack thyroid can be dangerous. Eat lots of probiotics to break the cycle.
You can effectively addressing your gut health with a Paleo diet. But beyond that, it’s important to nourish the gut with good bacteria (probiotics), as well as foods that are rich in antioxidants (leafy greens and berries), folate (avocado and eggs), and collagen (bone broth).
Bottom line: It’ll be very hard to lose weight if your gut is a wreck. Through specific dietary support, you can improve your beneficial bacteria, and reverse leaky gut.
Trying to lose weight when your thyroid is messed up can feel impossible. But when you start looking at the problem from a whole-body perspective, you can see that there are ways to address weight beyond the thyroid.
Reduce inflammation with healthy diet and lifestyle principles.
Support nutrient needs.
Stay hydrated.
Make sure that you’re getting your thyroid levels properly managed—by testing your Free T3 and T4.
Written by Aimee McNew
Author Bio:
Aimee McNew is a Certified Nutritionist who specializes in women’s health, thyroid problems, infertility, and digestive wellness. She ate her way back to health using a Paleo diet, lost 80 pounds, and had a healthy baby after numerous miscarriages. She focuses on simple nutrition practices that promote long-lasting results.
A lot of people have gotten results from the Keto diet, and enjoyed the foods that it has to offer. However, many of the people who are following this diet have a hard time finding the recipes that they need, especially ones that are quick and easy to complete.
Fortunately, Kelsey Ale, noticed this problem, and decided to do something about it. She’s found that making recipes in a slow cooker gives you meals which are not only delicious, but also take very little time to make. Mostly you just put a few simple ingredients in the slow cooker, and let it do the rest.
It is estimated that 20 million Americans have a thyroid problem, and that 12 percent of the general population will develop a thyroid disease in their lifetime.
So what is causing the little butterfly organ at the base of the neck to be such a widespread problem?
The Thyroid: What It Is and What It Does
The thyroid is a small endocrine, or “hormone producing,” gland that sits at the base of the throat, with two “wings” that sit on either side of the windpipe.
The thyroid is responsible for producing triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), the two main thyroid hormones. T4 is the inactive reserve form that is converted to T3 as the body needs it for energy and metabolism. The thyroid makes hormones when prompted from the pituitary gland, which is located in the brain.
The thyroid is well known for being associated with metabolism, but it is responsible for much more than just the ability to lose weight. While it does regulate how the body uses energy – which is why a low-functioning thyroid can have symptoms of extreme fatigue, and those with an overactive thyroid might experience restlessness or an inability to sleep – the thyroid also influences how effectively the brain, heart, muscles, liver, adrenal glands, and reproductive organs function.
How the Thyroid Gets Messed Up
The thyroid, like all endocrine organs, is very sensitive to the overall environment of the body. It can be especially sensitive to stressors and other issues, like inflammation, viral infections, or major hormone changes from pregnancy or menopause.
It is possible for people of any age or gender to experience thyroid problems, but the most common issues are seen in women over the age of 30.
Typical triggers for thyroid disease include:
Infection with a virus such as Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, or certain members of the herpes virus family
Genetics, including a family history of anyone with an autoimmune disorder of any kind or thyroid problems
While there may be other causes of an initial onset of thyroid disease, these are the most commonly found.
Hyperthyroidism and Graves’ Disease
Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid produces too many hormones, resulting in cells that are overstimulated. This effect passes throughout the body and can result in a heart that is also overstimulated, resulting in an increased heart rate. It can also result in feelings or symptoms of manic, anxiety, and an inability to be still and rest.
The thyroid has a lot to do with the quality of the mind, and an overactive thyroid often contributes to an inability to concentrate or to slow thoughts down. Thyroid disorders can often be misdiagnosed as mental or brain disorders because of how profoundly it impacts mood and stability.
An overactive thyroid can have its roots in hormone overproduction that is due to non-autoimmune reasons (like medication side effects, viral infections, or toxicity), or which are rooted in an immune system gone rogue, when the immune system produces antibodies to attack the thyroid. Hormone overproduction from medications can cause an overactive thyroid.
Autoimmune hyperthyroidism is referred to as Graves’ disease. When the immune system is triggered, it attacks the thyroid and causes inflammation that enlarges the gland, resulting in higher levels of thyroid hormones than the body requires.
One of the common symptoms associated with Graves’ disease is an inflamed eye condition referred to as proptosis, where the tissue surrounding the eyes swells and causes the eyeballs to appear to bulge forward. This is reversible if treated early.
Hyperthyroidism and Graves’ disease are diagnosed by blood tests, and are typically treated with radioactive iodine or antithyroid medications.
Hypothyroidism and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid produces too few hormones, resulting in cells that are not receiving enough energy and end up in a slowed or sluggish state that can include mental symptoms like depression and weight gain without lifestyle changes.
An underactive thyroid can be caused by non-autoimmune reasons such as pregnancy or postpartum hormone changes, viral infections, medication side effects, or other reactions, or can be a result of an immune attack, resulting in autoimmune disease.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, or autoimmune hypothyroidism, is the most common autoimmune disorder that exists, impacting roughly 14 million people, although many experts suspect that there are millions of people who are not getting proper diagnoses.
The immune system responds to proteins in the thyroid gland that it mistakenly targets as foreign, slowly destroying the gland. In some people, the thyroid will completely cease to function, but in others, if diagnosed soon enough, autoimmune causes can be treated, and the disease can be paused or sent into remission. The result may be a partially functioning gland.
Hashimoto’s is diagnosed by blood tests, and in some cases, ultrasound or CT scan. It is often treated with lifestyle modifications to remove offending triggers, and can be modulated with thyroid hormone replacement.
Common symptoms of an underactive thyroid may include:
Fatigue or excessive tiredness
Intolerance of cold, or feeling significantly colder than everyone else in the room
Cold extremities or poor circulation
Low pulse
Dry skin
Hair loss on the head and eyebrows
Brittle nails
Constipation
Weight gain and inability to lose weight
Intolerance of exercise or exertion
Poor concentration and memory
Inability to stay asleep or fall into restful sleep, despite fatigue
Depression
Symptoms of an overactive thyroid can include:
Nervousness
Irritability
Poor concentration and memory
Feeling excessively warm, warmer than everyone in the room, or having hot flashes
Increased heart rate
Diarrhea or irritable bowels
Insomnia or inability to relax and fall asleep
Weight loss without effort
Bulging eyes
Anxiety or panic attacks
Thinning hair
Reduced or irregular menstrual cycle
For some, many of these symptoms will appear, but for others, only one or two prominent symptoms will appear.
Foods to Eat for Thyroid Health
While there can be conflicting opinions as to which foods are specifically good for the thyroid, the general assumption is that fresh, unprocessed foods are beneficial, while processed foods are best avoided.
A diet rich in clean, free-range proteins, healthy fats, and vegetables and fruits is the best way to naturally support hormone function.
Proteins: The thyroid needs the right amount of protein for blood sugar balance and energy, so it’s essential to consume protein regularly. As a nutritionist who specializes in thyroid conditions, I recommend protein with every meal. 10 to 15 grams of protein is a good baseline, but some people need significantly more.
Fats: Thyroid issues can be triggered by inflammation and can also contribute to increased inflammation. Healthy fats are highly anti-inflammatory, and should be consumed regularly. Coconut oil, avocado oil, and oils from fatty, wild-caught fish should be part of a healing diet for any thyroid disorder.
Carbohydrates: While super low-carb diets may be therapeutic for some conditions, thyroid disorders require carbohydrates. The thyroid requires a certain level of carbohydrates and glucose to synthesize hormones. While these can primarily be achieved from vegetables and fruits, they should be consumed in higher quantities than are typically found in low-carb or ketogenic diets.
Foods to Avoid for Thyroid Health
Goitrogens get a bad rap in the thyroid community because they are reputed to reduce the thyroid’s ability to make hormones. The thyroid needs iodine, and it is suggested by some thyroid practitioners that goitrogens interfere with the ability of the thyroid to access iodine.
Foods that are considered to be goitrogens include cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts. Other goitrogens are flax seeds, peanuts, soy, spinach, strawberries, and sweet potatoes.
Dr. Datis Kharrazian, a well-respected expert in the thyroid community, explains that thyroid enlargement is not caused by goitrogens in foods, but rather from inflammation in general.
Unfortunately, many thyroid patients avoid eating all goitrogens and miss out on the anti-inflammatory benefits of cruciferous vegetables, which also help to remove toxins and chemicals from the body that can, in some cases, be causes of autoimmunity in the first place.
Instead of avoiding these healthy vegetables, thyroid patients should instead focus on avoiding foods that can trigger immune sensitivity and cause inflammation.
Because the Paleo diet naturally excludes many of these foods already, it has become a go-to therapeutic food plan for anyone suffering from thyroid conditions.
Lifestyle Factors and Thyroid Health
The thyroid – and all endocrine organs – are extremely sensitive to sources of toxins and chemicals. While food can be a major source of this, chemicals from cosmetics, environmental sources, households, work spaces, and numerous other outside sources can accumulate in the body and contribute to inflammation, chronic conditions, and hormone imbalances.
When it comes to addressing thyroid health, it’s best to avoid synthetic ingredients of all kinds – especially in cosmetics or personal care products that touch the skin and can get absorbed.
Supplements for Thyroid Health
Many patients dealing with thyroid disorders feel desperate to find relief. Supplements can be an alluring option since many make claims to provide relief or support for the thyroid.
While some supplements can definitely be beneficial, it’s essential to run any supplements by a practitioner who is skilled in thyroid wellness. Below I’ve addressed some of the most common supplements recommended for thyroid conditions.
Iodine: Many holistic practitioners recommend iodine to anyone with symptoms of thyroid disorders. This practice should be seriously questioned, however, since supplemental iodine can worsen autoimmunity.
When iodine is consumed naturally from food sources, like sea vegetables, it can be highly beneficial. But in supplement form, when it lacks the other whole food components, it can increase inflammation in the thyroid.
Selenium: Selenium is one of the nutrients required by the thyroid to synthesize hormones. It is found naturally in foods like Brazil nuts, sardines, grass-fed beef, and chicken.
It could be argued that anyone eating a Paleo diet will consume an ample amount of food-sourced selenium and does not need to take extra. However, in some cases of extreme deficiency, a practitioner may recommend a short course of supplemental selenium.
Magnesium: A mineral that is a common deficiency, magnesium is required for the conversion of T4 into the active T3. Without enough magnesium, thyroid hormone levels will likely not appear normal.
Magnesium is found in foods such as leafy greens, avocado, dark chocolate, and seafood, and again, will typically be regularly consumed on a Paleo diet. But since deficiency is common, a high-quality magnesium citrate or magnesium glycinate supplement can often be beneficial for thyroid conditions.
Turmeric: Highly anti-inflammatory, turmeric is a potent medicinal supplement and food that is often beneficial for chronic conditions, including thyroid disorders. While it’s not safe for everyone (pregnant women and those on blood thinners should not take turmeric), it can be integrated into the diet and does not necessarily need to be consumed in capsule form.
Medication & Hormone Replacement
Many thyroid conditions are treated medically. For some, this can take the edge off of numerous unpleasant and life-altering symptoms, but when thyroid problems are due to autoimmunity, medication alone will not be enough to reverse or completely remove symptoms.
Graves’ disease or hyperthyroidism can often be treated with thyroid blockers or radioactive iodine to downregulate the thyroid’s hormone production. Hormone replacement therapy can help treat hyperthyroidism.
Hypothyroidism or Hashimoto’s thyroiditis can often be treated with thyroid hormone replacement. There are a number of prescription medications available, most of which are either T3 or T4 (or a combination of both). Thyroid medication dosing is a temperamental process and there is rarely a one-size-fits-all dosage that works.
Thyroid patients need regular monitoring of their levels to ensure that dosage is meeting needs, and not artificially creating hyperthyroid conditions.
Hormone replacement is often a long-term process, especially when Hashimoto’s has destroyed part or all of the thyroid. It’s essential for thyroid patients to work with their practitioner to find a hormone replacement plan that makes them feel well.
Sometimes one medication won’t work, and the patient will actually feel worse. Expert thyroid practitioners will use their patients’ feelings as well as lab results to seek out a hormone replacement plan that is effective.
Aimee McNew is a Certified Nutritionist who specializes in women’s health, thyroid problems, infertility, and digestive wellness. She ate her way back to health using a Paleo diet, lost 80 pounds, and had a healthy baby after numerous miscarriages. She focuses on simple nutrition practices that promote long-lasting results.
A lot of people have gotten results from the Keto diet, and enjoyed the foods that it has to offer. However, many of the people who are following this diet have a hard time finding the recipes that they need, especially ones that are quick and easy to complete.
Fortunately, Kelsey Ale, noticed this problem, and decided to do something about it. She’s found that making recipes in a slow cooker gives you meals which are not only delicious, but also take very little time to make. Mostly you just put a few simple ingredients in the slow cooker, and let it do the rest.